SECTION 1: BUYING TITLED PANAMA REAL ESTATE.

Q: Is it safe for foreigners to buy Panama Real Estate?
A: Absolutely. Buying Panama real estate is very safe. There are over a dozen laws in Panama established specifically for protecting foreign investments, not to mention that private property in Panama is protected by the constitution of the Republic of Panama. Thousands of foreigners own property in Panama, and Panama real estate transactions are processed for foreigners every day without a problem.

Q: Is it legal for foreigners to buy Panama Real Estate?
A: Yes, it is legal for foreigners to own titled property in Panama in their personal names, although we normally recommend that clients hold all property in the name of a Panamanian corporation for asset protection and tax reasons. Panama possession rights property, however, should always be held in the name of a Panamanian corporation, where the foreign person is the shareholder (or a Panama private interest foundation or trust can be appointed as the shareholder in place of the foreign person) of the corporation.

Q: Is it safe to buy a Panamanian corporation's shares which hold title to property in Panama?
A: As long as a proper due diligence investigation is done on the corporation and a proper title search is done on the property that the corporation holds, then it is generally safe to buy property this way in Panama. It is important to hire qualified attorneys to handle the due diligence, and put the proper clauses in the Buy/Sell Contract of Shares of the corporation, such as; (1) a clause that guarantees the buyer that the corporation does not have any pending debt or liability other than that established in the contract and indemnifies the buyer from any such liability, (2) a clause that makes the seller responsible for any liability for previous actions of the corporation and/or it's directors, and (3) a clause that guarantees the buyer that the purchase is for 100% of the corporations shares as well as for 100% of the property title number xxx (with the description of the property), which is duly owned by the corporation, whose shares are owned by (the seller).

Q: Are there any government taxes or fees for transferring property titles from the sellers name to the buyers name?
A: Yes. The Panamanian government charges a 2% property title transfer tax. The 2% is based on the registered value (the value established in the registered deed of sale). In addition, there are other fees charged by the Public Notary and the Public Registry which total in the range of $200 to $300 for registering a buy/sell contract for the sale of real estate in Panama.

Q: Who normally pays for the property title transfer tax in Panama, the buyer or the seller?
A: It is standard practice in Panama for the seller to pay for the title transfer tax, however, in some cases, depending on the negotiation between the buyer and seller, the seller may insist that the buyer pay the title transfer taxes.

Q: Who normally pays for the closing costs on Panama real estate transactions, the buyer or the seller?
A: Generally, each party pays for their own closing costs. For example, the seller pays his/her attorney to review the buy/sell contract, and the buyer pays his/her attorney for drafting the buy/sell contract, doing the title search, title transfer, and escrow services. However, in some cases, buyers and sellers negotiate special terms whereby the buyer or the seller pays all closing costs, so it really depends on the particular negotiation between buyer and seller.

Q: What are the average closing costs for Panama Real Estate transactions?
A: The closing costs vary depending on the particular transaction. For example, if the property is held in the sellers personal name, and the buyer is transferring the property title to a Panamanian corporation (most recommended), then the closing costs would include; (1) the legal property transaction fee of US$1200 (includes; title search, buy/sell contract, closing, & property title transfer service), (2) public registry title transfer fees of approx. US$200 to US$300, (3) escrow fees from 0.5% to 1% of the transaction amount (vary depending on amount of transaction), and (4) incorporation fee of US$1000 to setup the Panama corporation. However, if the property is held by a Panama corporation already, and the buyer is purchasing the shares of the corporation, then the transaction is relatively simple because there is no registration of title transfer, meaning that there is no title transfer tax, and no public registry title transfer fees. In this case, the closing costs would include; (1) the legal property transaction fee (includes; title search, purchase of shares contract, and closing for US$800), (2) change of directors / resident agent of the corporation (approx. $350), and (3) escrow fees from 0.5% to 1% of the transaction amount (vary depending on amount of transaction).

Q: How long does it normally take to register a property title transfer in the Public Registry of Panama?
A: In some cases, it can be done within 2 business days, if we pay extra for quick expediting. However, in normal circumstances, it takes from 1 to 3 weeks, depending on the volume of transactions at the Public Registry.

Q: How long does it normally take, from start to finish, to purchase Real Estate in Panama?
A: The time frame from start to finish is normally about 6 weeks, however, it really depends on a variety of factors which are dependent initially on the buyer and the seller, the negotiation between buyer and seller, and subsequently dependent on the attorneys and the public registry. Generally, property transactions have the following procedures; (1) The buyer and seller to agree on the price and terms (time frame can vary depending on the negotiation), (2) seller provides our firm with all the due diligence documentation on the property title so we can do the title investigation (time frame depends on the seller), (3) attorneys do initial title search & draft the promise to buy/sell contract (time frame is approx. 1 day assuming we have all the required information from buyer and seller), (4) buyer and seller review the promise to buy/sell contract and agree to set a date to sign (time frame varies depending on the buyer and sellers), (5) buyer sends payment for down payment and legal fees to escrow (time frame depends on the method funds were sent), (6) buyer and seller sign promise to buy/sell contract and down payment is paid to seller from escrow, (7) final title search is completed (time frame is approx. 5 days), (8) buyer sends final payment to escrow (time frame depends on the method funds were sent), (9) attorneys draft final buy/sell contract (time frame is 1 day), (10) closing takes place and buyer/seller sign final buy/sell contract (time frame is 1 day), (11) contract is registered at the Public Registry for title transfer procedure to begin (time frame ranges from 2 to 30 days, depending on the Public Registry's volume), (12) attorneys receive deed from Public Registry, draft official English translations, and prepare final documents to send to buyer (time frame is approx. 5 business days).

Q: What are the normal legal fees for property transactions?
A: The notary and public registry costs total up to approximately $200 to $300 depending on the particular transaction. Title transfer taxes are normally paid by the seller. Escrow fees (if an escrow company is used), are normally paid by the buyer, and range from one half of one percent (0.5%) up to one percent (1%) of the transaction.

Q: Are escrow companies normally used in Panama for Real Estate transactions?
A: Escrow services are relatively new to Panama, so Panamanians are not very familiar with the term "escrow", although it is quickly becoming a standard for real estate transactions nationwide with more and more Panamanian realtors selling to foreigners who are accustomed to using escrow companies in property transactions.

Q: Do purchase contracts for Panama real estate transactions need to be in Spanish, in order for them to be legally enforceable in Panama?
A: No. The law does not require a buy/sell contract to be in Spanish to be legally enforceable, however, if there is ever a dispute over the transaction in a court of law in the Republic of Panama, then the court will require that the contract be translated to the Spanish language by an official (licensed) translator of that language. When we prepare buy/sell contracts, we always prepare the original in Spanish, and we provide our clients with an official English translation of the contract.

Q: What is normally accepted as a down payment for purchasing Real Estate in Panama?
A: Generally, sellers will accept 10% as a down payment upon signing the promise to buy/sell contract. The down payment is shown as "good faith" on behalf of the buyer, so that the seller knows that the buyer is serious. However, the down payment really depends on the particular transaction and the negotiation that takes place. In some cases, sellers will demand as much as 50%, and in other cases, sellers will ask for as little as 5% or less.

Q: If I am a US citizen, can I use my IRA or 401K money to buy property in Panama?
A: Yes. There are several financial companies in the USA, such as Pensco, who offer retirement account services that facilitate movement of your IRA or 401K funds into self-directed retirement accounts, through which you can then invest in property anywhere in the world. If you would like to receive an updated list of these financial companies (such as Pensco), please contact us for details.

Q: Is it legal to buy options on Real Estate in Panama?
A: Yes, it is legal to buy options on property in Panama, however, it is an uncommon practice in Panama, and most sellers do not understand the concept.

Q: Are options available on Real Estate in Panama?
A: Yes, you can buy options on property in Panama. However, most sellers in Panama do not understand the concept of options on property, therefore, it requires that you educate the seller in this concept so that they agree to offering you an option to purchase their property.

Q: Do sellers offer owner financing or leases with purchase options in Panama?
A: Yes, leases with purchase options are common in Panama, although most sellers are interested in simply selling, not lease optioning. However, please note that rental or lease contracts must be registered with the MIVI (Ministerio de Vivienda), which is the "Ministry of Housing" in order for the lease to be legal in Panama.

Q: Is it legal to block public access to the beach if I own beach front Real Estate?
A: The laws in Panama offer public access to all beaches, oceans, lakes and rivers in Panama. Unless there is access within 1000 meters from your property, you must allow public access, according to the law.

Q: What is the liability for real estate investors that "flip" (buy & immediately sell) properties?
A: The liability for real estate investors in Panama is limited. The main liability for real estate investors is capital gains taxes, which some people avoid through the use of Panamanian corporations. As long as you deliver what is promised according to the terms of the buy/sell contract, buying and selling property in Panama is virtually liability free.

SECTION 2: TAX RELATED QUESTIONS FOR REAL ESTATE IN PANAMA.

Q: Are there property taxes in Panama, if so, how much?
A: Property taxes are only levied on properties that have a registered value of US$20,000 or more (registered value is the value stated on the public deed that is registered at the Public Registry). The maximum annual property tax is 2.10% of the registered value of the land (land value under US$20,000.00 is exempt of this particular tax, as per Law # 36 of 1995). Property tax is also levied on the declared value of the building improvements on the land, however, the laws in Panama offer tax exonerations for building improvements for up to 20 years (this was implemented by the Panamanian government to promote new construction, which makes up a large portion of Panama's overall GDP). Possession Rights properties do not incur property taxes, since the property technically belongs to the government of Panama.

Q: Are there property title transfer taxes in Panama?
A: Yes, the government of Panama charges 2% of the registered property deed value each time you transfer title from one name to another name. This is why most sophisticated investors utilize Panama corporations to hold ownership to property, so that when they sell the property, they simply sell the shares of the corporation as a whole, therefore avoiding a title transfer, and avoiding the 2% title transfer tax.

Q: Are there capital gains taxes on the purchase and sale of real property in Panama?
A: Yes, the law stipulates a 30% capital gains tax on the purchase and sale of real property in Panama. The capital gains tax is triggered upon the transfer of the title at the Public Registry.

Q: Is there a way to minimize capital gains taxes on property sales in Panama?
A: The most common strategy that people use in Panama is to hold property in the name of a Panama corporation, and instead of transferring the property to the buyers name upon the sale, the shares of the corporation are sold as a whole to the buyer. Since corporations shares are "bearer shares" and they are not registered, there is no record of the sale. Upon the sale of the shares, the new owner simply changes the board of directors/officers to take control over the corporation.

Q: Is there self-employment tax for real estate investors in Panama?
A: There are no "self-employment" taxes for real estate investors in Panama, however, local real estate investors are taxed on their income the same way any other person would be taxed on locally generated income, and they are required to file annual tax declarations. Please note that income taxes on real estate purchases and sales can generally be avoided through certain structuring techniques using Panamanian corporations and private interest foundations.

Q: What would happen if I were to perish (die), and I have real estate in my personal name in Panama? Are there inheritance taxes in Panama, whereby the Panamanian government would keep a certain percentage of my beneficiaries' inheritance?
A: Yes. If your assets are in your personal name, you could lose half of your properties to the Panamanian government upon your death, thanks to inheritance taxes. For this reason, we recommend that all of our clients put their properties into Panama corporations, and utilize a Panama Private Interest Foundation to hold the shares of each corporation, which enables them to distribute their assets to their beneficiaries, avoiding all inheritance taxes, probate, and legal delays. All assets would be distributed to your beneficiaries exactly as they were left, exactly as per your wishes (according to your letter of wishes), with no deductions whatsoever.

Q: Are tax lien certificates available in Panama?
A: This is an area that we are currently researching, however, currently, we have no information about tax lien certificates in Panama.

Q: If I am a US citizen, can I apply a 1031 exchange to buying property in Panama, thus deferring my US capital gains taxes?
A: This is a question for a US tax attorney or US CPA. LandAmerica Lawyers tax attorneys responded to this question as follows; "Assuming the case that a client is looking to relinquish a U.S. Property and purchase a replacement property in Panama, then the 1031 Exchange would fail, because foreign property is not considered to be "Like-Kind" to U.S. property under the IRS code. However, if the client is relinquishing foreign property, then an exchange into the Panama property might be possible. Of course, a tax-deferred exchange would only make sense in that situation if the client would be subject to U.S. Capital Gains tax liability for the relinquished property transfer because only U.S. taxes be deferred using Section 1031."

SECTION 3: FINANCING & INSURANCE IN PANAMA.

Q: Are financing sources readily available for foreigners (non-Panamanians) to get mortgages on property in Panama?
A: There are many banks in Panama that offer financing to foreigners (non-Panamanians) to purchase property in Panama, some of these include; HSBC Bank, Scotia Bank, BAC International Bank, Banco Cuzcatlan (Panabank), Banistmo, Banco General, Bank Boston, BBVA Bank, Banco Continental, Credicorp Bank, Multi-credit Bank, Banco Nacional de Panama, and others. However, unless the loan is collateralized by some other liquid asset such as a bank deposit, then most banks have the following limitations for financing property to foreigners; (1) the property must be titled through the Public Registry of Panama, (2) the property must be located in approved regions, normally in urbanized regions or on approved development projects in rural areas, (3) the property must have improvements, such as a house, building, etc. with value, (4) the bank will only finance up to 70% of the purchase price, and (5) the bank will require that the purchase price be no more than the appraised value (appraised by a respected appraisal company).

Q: What documentation is normally required for foreigners (non-Panamanians) to obtain financing on property in Panama?
A: Most banks in Panama that finance foreigners require the following documentation for the applicant(s) of the loan; (1) complete photocopy of passport (all pages of passport), (2) photocopy of one additional form of ID, such as a drivers license, (3) two original financial reference letters, (4) two original commercial, professional, or personal reference letters, (5) photocopy of utility bill showing physical address, (6) curriculum vitae (personal education/work resume), (7) last 2 years financial statements, (8) last 2 years personal income tax returns, (9) photocopy of property documentation (registered title deed & registered survey), (10) original recent certificate of title deed from the Public Registry, (11) appraisal on the property by an approved appraisal company.

Q: What are the interest rates for financing property in Panama?
A: The interest rates are generally right in line with those offered in the USA, however, interest rates really depend on a variety of factors, including; (1) type of property (personal residence, commercial property, investment property, etc.), (2) age of construction (new construction, old construction), (3) term of the loan (short term, long term, etc.), (4) applicants age and status (retired, etc.), and (5) additional collateral offered to the bank as guarantee on the loan.

Q: Are there any special financing deals available in Panama, for retirees?
A: Yes. If you have obtained a Pensioned Visa (this is a type of resident visa for foreigners who have proven that they receive a pension of at least US$500 per month) in Panama, and you are of a certain age, then you qualify for special discounts for interest rates on mortgages.

Q: Are there any special financing deals available in Panama, for first time buyers?
A: Yes. There is a law called the "preferential interest law", which offers special low interest rates, under the following conditions; (1) the buyer must be a first time buyer, (2) the property being purchased must be newly constructed, (3) the unit must be for residential purposes, (4) the amount being financed must be in the range of US$25,000 to US$62,500, after the down payment, (5) the financing cannot be more than 95% of the appraised value, (6) the property must be titled, and (7) the loan must not exceed a 15 year term. This is regulated under Law No. 50 (October 27, 1999), which partially amended Law No. 28 (June 20, 1995) and Cabinet Decree No. 44 (1990), stipulates that the benefits to the lending institutions are as follows: (a) 4% discount (also a tax credit to the financial institution) off the maximum fixed interest rate, which is established by the Superintendent of Banks, will be awarded if the loan value is for more than $25,000.00 but less than $62,500.00, (b) 5% discount (also a tax credit to the financial institution) off the maximum fixed interest rate, will be applicable if the loan is for less than $25,000.00.

Q: How much do property appraisals cost in Panama?
A: Property appraisals in Panama generally range between US$150 up to $1000, depending on the particular property. For example, a simple 3 bedroom home in Panama City would probably cost around $100 to $150, however, a 300 acre farm located in the interior of Panama, with 2 homes, barn, horses, cattle, and other property improvements could cost $1000 for an appraisal due to the complexity of the appraisal as well as the transportation costs and time frame involved.

Q: How much do home inspections costs in Panama?
A: Home inspections in Panama can range between $50 up to $300, depending on the particular property.

Q: Is title insurance available for property in Panama?
A: Yes, title insurance is offered by reputable international title insurance companies on literally all types of property in Panama. Contact us for details.

Q: Is title insurance required for financing property in Panama?
A: No. Title insurance is not generally required for financing, however, fire insurance is always required for buying property with construction improvements (house, commercial building, etc.).

Q: What does title insurance cost in Panama?
A: The cost for title insurance in Panama depends on the insurance company and the property you want title insurance for. Generally, title insurance costs around 1% of the value of the property, with a minimum of around $1000 insurance premium. The title insurance is a one time payment with most insurance companies.

SECTION 4: DEVELOPING REAL ESTATE IN PANAMA.

Q: Is it possible for foreigners to enter in the real estate development business in Panama?
A: Absolutely. The Panamanian government welcomes foreigners to develop real estate in Panama.

Q: If I buy a large plot of land, what are the procedures to get residential lot development permits with the Panamanian government?
A: The first step is to get the property surveyed topographically by a Panamanian licensed topographer / engineer. Second, you need a Panamanian licensed architect to design the master plan. Third, you need a Panamanian engineer to prepare the construction drawings. Fourth, you need a Panamanian licensed environmental engineer to prepare an environmental impact study. Fifth, you present the project to and get it approved by the ANAM (Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente), which is the equivalent of the Environmental Enforcement Agency in the USA. Sixth, you present the project to the municipal engineer to get the construction permits. Depending on the project, there may be additional steps necessary in terms of permitting.

Q: What is the time frame and cost to obtain permits for developing residential lots in Panama?
A: The time frame and cost depends on the size of the project, and the region you are developing in. Some projects can take years to obtain permits and cost upwards of US$50,000, others can take as little as 3 months and cost a few thousand dollars. It really depends on the specifics of the project, where it is located, and the impact it will have on the environment. Usually, once the environmental impact studies are approved by ANAM, the other municipal permits are relatively quick.

Q: What are the costs for surveying property in Panama?
A: Currently, surveyors charge in the range of $200 per lot or per hectare (2.4 acres per hectare) for regular linear surveys (outlining the perimeter, size and borders of the property). Topographical surveyors charge from $150 up to $500 per hectare, depending on the location of the property, condition of the property, and the specifics needed (for example, if you want special information included, such as identifying specific species of trees, depth of rivers, etc.). It is important to hire a surveyor that is reliable, and who will provide accurate data, as well as computerized surveys (usually done using a program called Autocad).

Q: What do environmental impact studies cost in Panama?
A: Environmental impact studies range in price from as little as $750 to $75,000, depending on the size of the project, impact on the environment, and depending on the environmental engineer you hire for the job. For large developments with high environmental impact, we recommend hiring a top quality environmental engineering firm to handle the environmental impact study, as they have the human resources and organization to prepare a study that will get approved under harsh scrutiny and difficult circumstances. For smaller, non-impacting projects, an individual environmental engineer may suffice. However, please note that the environmental impact study is detrimental to the permitting of the project, and it is important to hire qualified engineers to prepare your environmental impact study, otherwise, if the project is rejected by ANAM, you may be forced to wait up to 2 years to re-present the project for approval.